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June–August 2021

Novel ink to 3D print ‘bone’ with living cells

Scientists from UNSW Sydney have developed a ceramic-based ink that may allow surgeons in the future to 3D-print bone parts complete with living cells that could be used to repair damaged bone tissue.

Using a 3D-printer that deploys a special ink made up of calcium phosphate, the scientists developed a new technique, known as ceramic omnidirectional bioprinting in cell-suspensions (COBICS), enabling them to print bone-like structures that harden in a matter of minutes when placed in water.

While the idea of 3D-printing bone-mimicking structures is not new, this is the first time such material can be created at room temperature – complete with living cells – and without harsh chemicals or radiation, said Dr Iman Roohani from UNSW’s School of Chemistry.

Associate Professor Kristopher Kilian who co-developed the technology with Roohani says the fact that living cells can be part of the 3D-printed structure, together with its portability, makes it a big advance on current state-of-the-art technology.

Up until now, he says, making a piece of bone-like material to repair bone tissue of a patient involves first going into a laboratory to fabricate the structures using high-temperature furnaces and toxic chemicals.

‘This produces a dry material that is then brought into a clinical setting or in a laboratory, where they wash it profusely and then add living cells to it’, Kilian said.

‘The cool thing about our technique is you can just extrude it directly into a place where there are cells, like a cavity in a patient’s bone. We can go directly into the bone where there are cells, blood vessels and fat, and print a bone-like structure that already contains living cells, right in that area.’

‘There are currently no technologies that can do that directly.’

The researchers describe how they developed the special ink in a microgel matrix with living cells in Advanced Functional Materials (doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008216).

‘The ink takes advantage of a setting mechanism through the local nanocrystallisation of its components in aqueous environments, converting the inorganic ink to mechanically interlocked bone apatite nanocrystals’, Roohani said.

‘In other words, it forms a structure that is chemically similar to bone-building blocks. The ink is formulated in such a way that the conversion is quick, non-toxic in a biological environment and it only initiates when ink is exposed to the body fluids, providing an ample working time for the end-user, for example, surgeons.’

He said when the ink is combined with a collagenous substance containing living cells, it enables in-situ fabrication of bone-like tissues that may be suitable for bone tissue engineering applications, disease modelling, drug screening, and in-situ reconstruction of bone and osteochondral defects.

‘I imagine a day where a patient needing a bone graft can walk into a clinic where the anatomical structure of their bone is imaged, translated to a 3D printer, and directly printed into the cavity with their own cells’, said Kilian.

‘This has the potential to radically change current practice, reducing patient suffering and ultimately saving lives.’

The scientists will perform in vivo tests in animal models to see if the living cells in the bone-like constructs continue to grow after being implanted in existing bone tissue.


UNSW

Scientists have worked out how to print bone-like structures using a 3D-printer and a gelatinous ‘bath’ containing living cells.

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